Basic terms in Shiology—reveal the connotation and extension of the core concept of shiance cognition

Basic terms in Shiology—reveal the connotation and extension of the core concept of shiance cognition

Liu Guangwei

Research Center for Shiology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China. Beijing Shiology Research Institute, Beijing 100022, China

Abstract: Shiology, abbreviated from the study of shiance, stands as a “disciplinary category” level knowledge system. Within the Chinese educational system's subject catalog, it is an extension of agricultural science (09), and it is a knowledge system that integrates the eater needs, food acquisition and shiance order. Cognition of previously unrecognised objects requires new concepts, and the construction of a new knowledge system cannot be separated from the support of new concepts. Shiance knowledge system is a huge collection of shiance concepts, and this research limits its discussion to the connotations and extensions of four core groups of concepts: “shiance, food, eaters, and eating.” These core concepts of shiance knowledge also serve as the foundational terms for constructing the shiology framework. Establishing the foundational terms and definitions of shiology is a fundamental research endeavor. If one were to liken the shiology framework to a building, then its foundational terms are akin to the “bricks”; defining these terms is comparable to setting standards for these “bricks”, facilitating the construction of a more robust structure. The basic words discussed in this research include 34 in the category of “shiance”, 31 in the category of “food”, 7 in the category of “eaters” and 18 in the category of “eating”, totalling 90. They play a fundamental and leading role in the process of constructing the system of shiology system, and the names of 40 subjects in the 53 basic shiology systems use these basic words. The absence and narrowing of cognitive concepts is at the root of the lack of systematic governance of the human shiance issues.

Keywords: Terms; Shiology; Shiology terms; Shiance; Food; Eaters; Eating

Concept is a term of logic. Concept is one of the basic forms of human thought, reflecting the general and essential characteristics of objective things (Modern Chinese Dictionary, 7th edition). Concept is a form of thought that reflects the essential attributes of an object, and it is the smallest unit of thought. Concept has two characteristics: connotation and extension. Connotation refers to the essential attribute of the object reflected in the concept, while extension refers to all objects that possess those essential attributes in the concept. Term: a special term used in a particular discipline (Modern Chinese Dictionary, 7th Edition), including nouns, verbs, adjectives in linguistics. Basic terms in Shiology refers to the phenomena, entities, processes, methods and technical terms in the field of shiance. The accuracy and standardization of shiology terms are very important for shiology research. Shiology glossary, published in October 2021, is the first to be classified according to 13 basic shiance paradigms in the three fields of eater, food, and shiance order, and contains 12,995 terms[1] , which opens a useful attempt to standardize the shiology terms.

Shiology terms consist of two letters and six numbers. The first letter “S” is the initial of Shiology, and the second letter “T” is the initial of Term. The six numbers represent the levels of the “term” system. The first and second digits are the first-level system, the third and fourth digits are the second-level system, and the fifth and sixth digits represent the third-level system of shiology terms. In this paper, the basic terms of shiology are marked according to the coding rule. The paper is discussed from four sections: shiance and shiance phrases, food and food phrases, eater and eater phrases, and eating and eating phrases.

Shiance and Shiance Phrases

The word “shiance” is not included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary. There is a word “shiance” in the ancient Chinese language, but it is rarely used. For example, “Nine Complaints from Chu Ci” : “Accumulating grievances and deep thoughts, my heart is so troubled that I forget about food affairs.” Here, “food affairs” refer to the basic necessities of life, such as eating and drinking. Another example is “ Annals of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Volume, Biography of Hua Tuo”: “Hua Tuo relies on his abilities and is disinclined to mundane affairs.” In this context, “mundane affairs” refer to do things or engaging in the work. In addition, in Japanese, there is a word “ しょくじ ”, which Kōjien interprets as the eating behaviors. In the traditional concept, shiance focused on the narrow scope of eating and drinking.

Taking an objective view, eater needs, food acquisition and shiance order are an interconnected whole. For example, if the quantity of food is not enough, people will be hungry; If there are issues with food quality, it will lead to diarrhea; and the unequal possession of food distribution and food resources will cause social conflicts. This wholeness is objective, not dispersed by human cognition. Therefore, what concept can be adopted to describe this objective “wholeness”? The concepts, such as food, eating, farming, agriculture, nutrition, health preservation, are not suitable, which are narrow, incomplete, and can not fully reflect the objective “wholeness”. There is no corresponding concept in Chinese and English, which is a gap in the field of human cognition. For this reason, I borrow the concept of “food affairs”in ancient Chinese, and broaden its connotation and extension to name the objective wholeness.

This section discusses respectively shiance and 33 shiance phrases (13 of which can be abbreviated to the “shiance X” form), for a total of 34 terms.

Connotation and Extension of Shiance

Shiance (ST010001), refers specifically to the phenomenon and activities of human acquiring and utilizing food.[2] The connotation of shiance is the behaviors and activities of human beings acquiring and utilizing food for survival and health. The extension of shiance includes not only the survival and health of people such as eating and drinking, but also the cultivation, breeding, cooking and fermentation of food, as well as law, economy, administration and education to maintain the shiance order.

Shiance is the first priority for human survival, and it is also an important content of human civilization. Judging from the long history of human development, shiance precede not only other affairs but also civilization.[3] Shiance is the research object of shiology and is the first word to construct the shiology system.

Shiance, which cover three areas of eater needs, food acquisition, shiance order, are a broader concept than agricultural affairs. In the Book of shang Shu·Hongfan, “Hongfan’s eight policies, with food as the first policy” rather than “agriculture as the first policy”; In the Book of Han, “Food is the paramount necessity of the people”[5] rather than “agriculture is the paramount necessity of the people”. Shiance has always been a top priority in governance, and it should not be underestimated or narrowed down, otherwise the progressive needs of people to eat enough, well and healthily will not be met.

Shiance Phrases

Shiance phrases refer to new phrases derived from the combination of “shiance” and other words. The following includes 33 shiance phrases that have not been included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary, of which 14 can be shortened to the form of “shiance X”.

1.Shiology (ST010100) : In essence, it is a knowledge system to reveal the objective laws of human shiance; in function, it is a knowledge system to study how to address the shiance issues of humanity, study the relationship and law between people and food, and reveal the occurrence and development laws of human shiance behavior. From the subject catalog of China’s education system [6], shiology is the knowledge system in the level of “disciplinary category”, which is an extension of agricultural science (09) under the premise of “shiance” as the research object, and is a knowledge system of integrating eater needs, food acquisition and shiance order.

1.1. Shiology Triangle (ST010101) : It is the core structure of shiology system composed of eater needs, food acquisition and shiance order. The value of shiology triangle is that it can bring together the fragmented and segmented shiance cognition of human beings into a whole.

1.2. Shiology System (ST010102) : It is the whole of the inclusion and parallel relationship within shiance cognition. The basic system of shiology is the “1-3-13-36” whole of knowledge structured by “eater need, food acquisition and shiance order”, which is the first integration of human shiance cognition.

1.3. Shiology Principles (ST010103) : They are universal and basic objective laws in human shiance. In the field of eater needs, there are the principles of “body transformed from food”, “food and human body coupling”, “eating can cause disease”, “eating can cure disease” and “five-sense aesthetics”; In the field of shiance order, there are the principles of “shiance breeds civilization”, “shiance triangle”, “shiance priority”, “shiance behavior follows food ecosystem and food converting system” and “shiance order is the basis of human social order”. [7]

2. Shiance Objects (ST010200) : It is the practice objects of phenomena and activities related to food acquisition and utilization in nature and society, which includes eaters’ objects, food objects, shiance order objects.

3. Shiance System (ST010300) : It is the shiance whole, which is formed according to certain order and internal structure. Shiance system is the whole from food to health and order, which is commonly known as “from the field to the toilet”.

4. Shiance Cognition (ST010400) : Human’s knowledge and understanding of shiance objects. It includes the knowledge and understanding of eater needs, food acquisition and shiance order.

5. Shiance Consensus (ST010401) : Human’s common understanding of shiance, that is, everyone needs to eat, eat every day, all foods have the same source, eating is for life, and eating is for continuation. Shiance consensus can unite the common efforts of human beings to correct improper shiance behaviors.

6. Shiance Issues (ST010500) : The difficulties and contradictions encountered by human beings in the process of acquiring and utilizing food. It is not only a issue of eating enough, but also the problem of eating well and healthily. The human should not only secure enough food, but also eat healthily and maintain longterm sustainability and stability.

7. Shiance Behavior (ST010600) : The related activities of humans in acquiring and utilizing food, including food production, processing, circulation, supervision and eating.

8. Shiance Industry (ST010700) : The social system formed by natural and legal persons engaged in “shiance”, including agriculture, food industry, catering industry, food-based health preservation industry and industry of maintaining shiance order , etc. The essence of the often-mentioned “integration of the three industries” and “sixth industrialization” is “shiance industry”, which is more objective and accurate.

9. Shiance Industry Workers (ST010701) : People engaged in the shiance-related industries. It includes farmers, fishermen, pastors, cooks, food workers and shiance educators, administrators and all people engaged in the shiance industry.

10. Shiance Order (ST010800) : The orderliness and continuity of human shiance behaviors. Shiance order is the basis of social order. If shiance order is destroyed, social order will collapse. The improvement of human shiance order can promote the progress of social civilization.

11. Shiance Restriction (ST010900) : The compulsory measures to correct improper human shiance behaviors, which mainly include the economy, law, administration, digital control, etc.

12. Shiance Economy (ST010901) : The activities of food production and reproduction. It includes micro shiance economy, macro shiance economy, world shiance economy.

13. Shiance Laws (ST010902) : The sum total of shiance behavior laws enacted by the legislature or state organs and enforced by the state power, which include laws in the areas of eater needs, food acquisition, shiance order, etc.

14. Shiance Administration (ST010903) : It is the power exercised by the state in the field of food acquisition and utilization, including the state power exercised in areas such as agriculture, food industry, catering industry. “Shiance administration” and “agriculture administration” are inclusion relations.

15. Shiance Edification (ST011000) : The method of inheriting correct shiance behaviors and correcting improper shiance behaviors, including education and improving customs.

16. Shiance Education (ST011001) : It refers to the work of inheriting correct shiance cognition system. It includes two aspects: eater education and shiance industry worker education. In Japanese, the word “ しょくいく ” refers only to eater education.

17. Shiance Customs (ST011002) : The group shiance behavior patterns and rules that people have long followed and consciously observed, including daily shiance customs, festive shiance customs, religious ritual shiance customs, etc., which can be divided into two categories: good shiance customs and bad shiance customs.

18. Shiance Etiquettes (ST011003) : Human’ etiquette and ritual in the process of food acquisition and utilization. It includes the etiquettes in areas of eater needs and food acquisition.

19. Shiance History (ST011004) : The phenomena and activities of human’ past food acquisition and utilization. It includes wild food acquisition history and food domestication history.

20. Shiance Triangle (ST010104) : It composed of food ecosystem, shiance behavior system and food converting system, which reflect the scope of human shiance and reveal the boundaries of human shiance. It is one of shiology principles.

21. Shiance Priority (ST010105) : The solution of shiance issues precedes other affairs. Shiance have a long history and other affairs appear later. When shiance priority is stable, other affairs priority will be chaos. Shiance priority is one of shiology principles.

22. Shiance Diseases (ST011101) : The abnormal state of body caused by food or eating methods, also known as “eating diseases”, including undereatinginduced diseases, foodborne diseases, selective eating-induced diseases, overeating-induced diseases, food allergy diseases and anorexia diseases. There is the principle of “eating can cause disease” in shiology.

23. Shiance Therapeutics (ST011102) : The practice of human using food and eating methods to relieve and treat diseases, also known as “eating therapeutics”. The traditional view is that shiance therapeutics only refers to “Chinese medicine nurses the body and treats diseases through diet” (Modern Chinese Dictionary, 7th edition). The connotation and extension of shiance therapeutics is expanded in shiology and there is the principle of “eating can cure disease”.

24. Shiance Society (ST011200) : The social patterns of human beings recognized from the perspective of shiance. It consists of three basic forms: food-deficient society, food-sufficient society and quality-eating society.

25. Shiance Civilization (ST011300) : A social pattern in which human shiance issues are comprehensively addressed and average lifespan of humans is generally increased. It is the holistic, longevial, leisure, sustainable civilization of human society.

26. Shiance Efficiency (ST011400) : The percentage of effective work in the total work when acquiring and utilizing food. It includes area efficiency of food ecosystem (the acquisition quantity of plant-based food per unit area), food growth efficiency (the acquisition quantity of animal food per unit time), labor efficiency of shiance behaviors (the amount of work completed per unit time), and food utilization efficiency (the ratio of the coupling degree between body and food to the length of healthy life). Food utilization efficiency is the core of shance efficiency.

27. Shiance Tools (ST011401) : They are the instruments to improve the efficiency of food production, which are divided into manual tools, power tools, digital tools and so on.

28. Shiance Disaster (ST011500) : Group damage in the field of shiance caused by natural and human factors, including natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts, floods and hail, and man-made disasters such as the destruction of biodiversity and water and soil pollution.

29. Shiance Internet (ST011402) : It is a computer internet system composed of nodes of food, eaters, shiance industry workers, shiance tools, etc. It can improve the shiance efficiency and reduce shiance involution.

30. Shiance Digital Control (ST010904) : It refers to the application of digital technology to improve shiance operation efficiency, including the digital control of food, eaters, shiance industry institutions, shiance tools, etc.

Food and Food Phrases

Food is an inherent concept. The narrow sense of food is often used in real life, which is edible substances that can satisfy hunger. People often use “grain” to refer to “food”, and this habit of replacing the whole with the part has brought increasing harm. On the other hand, due to the long-term use of narrow sense of “food”, there are few phrases composed of food. “Modern Chinese Dictionary” only includes two phrases of “food chain” and “food poisoning” , which is a very abnormal phenomenon, and the problems caused by the low frequency of using the concept of “food” are becoming increasingly prominent.

This section discusses respectively food and 30 food phrases (4 of which can be abbreviated to the “food X” form), for a total of 31 terms.

Connotation and Extension of Food

Food (ST020001) : “edible substances (mostly natural)” (Modern Chinese Dictionary, 7th edition). This paper specifically refers to human food. The connotation of food refers to the substances that people can ingest and absorb to maintain survival and health. The extension of food, including animalbased food (cattle and sheep, chickens and ducks, fish and shrimp, etc.), plant-based food (grain, vegetables,fruits, etc.), fungus food (mushroom, agaric, etc.), mineral food (drinking water, edible salt, etc.), artificial food (chemical food additives, chemical oral medication, etc.).

In daily life, in order to distinguish different food functions between the “satistying hunger” and “curing disease”, people are used to calling the former “food” and the latter “oral medication”. Sometimes it only refers to solid edible substances with the function of satistying hunger, and even excludes beverages such as water, tea, and wine. This narrow use makes it easy for people to overlook the essence of the concept of “food”.

Food Phrases

Food phrases refer to new phrases derived from the combination of “food” and other words. The following includes 28 food phrases that have not been included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary.

1.Natural Food (ST020101) : Edible substances that exist and grow in nature, including wild food and domesticated food.

2.Wild Food (ST020102) : Edible substances in nature that have not been domesticated by humans. People have been eating wild food for more than 5

million years, and the digestive system of humans is more adapted to wild food. It should be emphasized that rare wild animals and plants should not be eaten.

3.Domesticated Food (ST020103) : Edible substances that are artificially controlled and reproducted. Here, “domesticated food” is a term, corresponding to “wild food”. It includes domesticated animals, plants, fungi and so on.

4.Artificial Food (ST020104) : Edible substances that are artificial and not natural, including synthetic foods and cell-cultured food. Artificial food is an outsider and latecomer to the human food chain.

5.Synthetic Food (ST020105) : Non-natural edible substances produced by chemical synthesis. It includes food-conditioning synthetic food and bodytonifying synthetic food.

6.Cell-cultured Food (ST020106) : Non-natural edible substances produced by artificial extraction and culture of living animal cells or tissues, which are artificial food. At present, it is still in the laboratory stage and has not been popularized.

7.Chemical-free Food (ST020107) :Edible substances without chemical synthesis. It refers to chemical synthesis are not used in the process of food

domestication and processing.

8.Food Composition (ST020200) : Connotation of food. It includes food natures and food elements, which is the dual cognition of food connotation.

9.Food Natures (ST020201) : Different attributes contained within food. Food natures are divided into plain and imbalanced and the imbalanced nature of food can be divided into cold, hot, warm, cool. The imbalanced nature of food can be employed in the body’s abnormal conditions to prevent and treat diseases.

10.Food Elements (ST020202) : Microscopic substances in the internal structure of food, including nutrients and non-nutrients which originated from the invention and use of the microscope.

11.Food System (ST020300) : The whole process from food growth, domestication, processing, circulation, consumption, etc. Generally speaking, it is “from the field to the table”.

12.Food Ecosystem (ST020400) : The natural environment system that breeds human food, including sunshine, land, water, etc. The production capacity of food ecosystem is limited.

13.Food Converting (ST020500) : The whole process of food converting into body composition, energy release, information transmission and waste expulsion. “Food converting” and “food digestion”are inclusion relation. Food digestion emphasizes the process of the body digesting food, while food converting emphasizes the whole process of food converting into body.

14.Food Acquisition (ST020600) : Human behaviors and activities to acquire food, including many aspects such as direct food acquisition, food domestication, food processing, food circulation.

15.Direct Food Acquisition (ST020601) : The behaviors of humans to acquire wild food, also known as wild food acquisition. It has a history of more than 5 million years, including food fishing, picking, collecting, hunting and so on.

16.Food Domestication (ST020602) : Methods of artificially controlling the reproduction of wild food. It includes three paradigms of food cultivation, food breeding, and edible fungus farming.

17.Food Production (ST020603) : It refers to the domestication, processing, and circulation of food. In daily life, food production is often referred to food domestication and food processing.

18.Food Cultivation (ST020604) : Domestication of edible plants, including the woody, herbaceous, aquatic edible plants, etc.

19.Food Breeding (ST020605) : Domestication of edible animals, including livestock, poultry, insects, aquatic edible animals, etc.

20.Edible Fungus Farming (ST020606) : Domestication of edible fungi, including yeasts, bacteria, fungi, etc.

21.Food Processing (ST020700) : The methods to improve food utilization efficiency. It includes three paradigms of food cooking, fermentation and

disintegration.

22.Food Cooking (ST020701) : The methods to improve food utilization efficiency through heating, including five paradigms of baking, boiling, steaming, frying, stir-frying.

23.Food Fermentation (ST020702) : The method to improve food utilization efficiency by means of microbial decomposition, change and conversion. It

includes the fermentation of yeast, bacteria, fungi, mixed bacterium.

24.Food Disintegration (ST020703) : The methods to improve food utilization efficiency by non-thermal physical means, including food smashing, separation, mixing, freezing, concentration, drying, etc.

25.Food Circulation (ST020800) : The method of management and control of food across time and space. It includes three paradigms: storage, transportation and packaging.

26.Food Storage (ST020801) : The method for storing food safely, including plant-based food storage, animal-based food storage, edible fungus storage, and mineral food storage.

27.Food Transportation (ST020802) : The method for transporting food safely, including ambient temperature transportation, low temperature transportation and marine transportation, air transportation, etc.

28.Food Packaging (ST020803) : The method of adding artificial clothings for food, including packaging materials, packaging design, packaging production, and packaging recycling, etc.

29.Food Waste (ST020900) : Losses and wastage of food in the process of food acquisition and utilization, including food waste in food acquisition

production, storage, transportation, packaging, processing, consumption. “Overeating” is also a kind of waste.

30.Food Security (ST021000) : The quantity and quality of food can meet the basic needs of human survival and health, including water, grain, vegetables, fruits, meat, eggs and milk, etc.

Eater and Eater Phrases

“...er” indicates the person who possesses this attribute or performs this action. For example, scholars, authors, readers, editors, etc. “Eater” is a new vocabulary, which is not included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary. “Eater” is the concept corresponding to “food”, and the construction of shiology system is centered on the eater. The establishment of the concept of eater will fundamentally change the research paradigm of “food as the center”. Establishing the research paradigm of “eater as the center” is the basis for understanding the whole of shiance, which is an integration of eater, food and shiance order.

This section discusses respectively eater and 6 eater phrases, for a total of 7 terms.

Connotation and Extension of Eater

Eater (ST030001) : refers to man and mankind from the perspective of eating needs. The connotation of eater is the understanding of man and mankind from the perspective of eating needs. The extension of eater refers to all people who cannot live without eating, including men and women, farmers and workers, the elderly and children. The eater is a dimension of cognizing the essential attributes of human beings, not man and mankind from a global perspective.

Eater Phrases

Eater phrases refer to new phrases derived from the combination of “eater” and other words, explaining the body condition of humans from the perspective of “eating”. These phrases have not been included in the “Modern Chinese Dictionary”. The following discusses six eater phrases.

1.Eater Needs(ST030100) : People’s requirements for the survival, health and social harmony of shiance. It includes the needs for survival, health and longevity, as well as equal food distribution and food security for future generations.

2.Eater Health (ST030101) : The condition of good development and health from the perspective of eating, including two stages of health and sub-health.

3.Eater Education (ST030200) : It is a healthy diet education for everyone. The content of education includes knowing oneself, understanding food, eating methodology, shiance aesthetics, shiance disease and shiance therapeutics.

4.Eater Physiological Structure (ST030301) : The body structure of the eater. It includes digestive system, motor system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system, endocrine system, immune system, nervous system and circulatory system.

5.Eater Physical Conditions (ST030302) : The inherent attributes of body for everyone, including balanced constitution, yang-deficiency constitution, yin-deficiency constitution, qi-deficiency constitution, qi stagnation constitution, phlegm-dampness constitution, dampness-heat constitution, blood stasis constitution, inherited special constitution. [8]

5.Eight Dimensions of the Eater (ST030303) : The eight dimensions that constitute the body differences among eaters, including gender, age, gene,

physiological structure, physical conditions, mood, amount of activity, disease state and so on.

Eating and Eating Phrases

“Eating” is the most daily and universal practice of human survival, and it is also essential. However, the phrase of “eating” is obviously not enough. The following includes 15 eating phrases that have not been included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary, which fill the gap of shiance cognition in the context of eating.

This section discusses respectively eating and 15 eating phrases, for a total of 16 terms.

Connotation and Extension of Eating

Eating (ST040001) : “Putting food into the mouth, chewing and swallowing them (including sucking and drinking)” (Modern Chinese Dictionary, 7th edition). The paper refers specifically to human eating. The connotation of “eating” refers to the process of ingestion, digestion, absorption and conversion of food; The extension of “eating” includes eating meat, eating fish, eating vegetables and fruits, drinking water, drinking tea and taking medicine.

Eating Phrases

All eating phrases are new words. The eating phrases discussed in this section have not been been included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary. Eating phrase mainly reflects the condition and pursuit of people in specific eating practice.

1.Eatance (ST040300) : The phenomena and activities of ingesting food. Shiance and eatance are inclusion relation. For example, cultivation, breeding, cooking, eating and drinking tea are shiance, among which only eating and drinking tea are eatance.

2.Eatology (ST040301) : The knowledge system studying and revealing objective laws between eatance and health, also known as “food converting”, including eating methodology, eating aesthetics, eating diseases, eating therapeutics and so on.

3.Eatance Stage (ST040302) : The phase division of the eating process. It includes three stages: preeating,during-eating, and post-eating. Specifically, it involves three identificaions before eating, seven couplings during eating, and two checks after eating.

4.Three Identificaions before Eating (ST040303) : Before eating, it is necessary to have three identificaions, which include identifying body, identifying food, identifying seasons and weather.

5.Seven Couplings during Eating (ST040304) : Seven couplings need to be considered while eating, including the quantity, variety, temperature, speed, frequency, order, and cookedness of eating.

6.Two Checks after Eating (ST040305). After eating, the appropriateness of the last meal should be evaluated from two aspects: observing various excretions and body changes.

7.Eatance Function (ST040306) : The effect of ingesting food. It includes transforming into body, satisfying hunger, causing disease (negative effect), curing disease, prevent disease, etc. There are the principles of “body transformed from food”, “eating can cause disease” and “eating can cure disease” in shiology.

8.Eatance Purposes (ST040307) : The desired results in the process of eatance. It includes nourishing life, regulating sub-balance, curing disease, which further lead to the three forms of eatance purposes: eatance for nourishing, eatance for regulating, eatance for curing.

9.Eatance for Nourishing (ST040308) : Eating activities for the purpose of survival and health.

10.Eatance for Regulating (ST040309) : Eating activities for the purpose of regulating sub-health.

11.Eatance for Curing (ST040310) : Eating activities for the purpose of curing disease.

12.Eatance methodology (ST040311) : The ingestion method to meet the needs of the food converting system. It includes three stages: three identificaions before eating, seven couplings during eating, and two checks after eating, the core of which is coupling between food and human body. There is the principle of “food and human body coupling” in shiology.

13.Eatance aesthetics (ST040312) : Understanding the experience and feeling of psychological and physiological pleasure during eating. It includes taste, smell, touch, sight, and hearing aesthetics, also known as “five-sense aesthetics” and “full-sense aesthetics”.

14.Eatance Rights (ST040313) : The right of human beings to have access to food for their survival. It includes rights to acquire food quantity and quality. Human rights and eatance rights are inclusion relation and eatance rights is the core of human rights.

15.Three-eating needs (ST040314) : The basic progressive needs of each person for eating, that is, eating enough, eating well, eating healthily. “Eating enough” concerns the quantity of food, “eating well” focuses on the quality and variety of food, and “eating healthily” refers to the eating methods that satisfy the “food and human body coupling”.

Conclusions

If shiology system is compared to a building, the basic terms of shiology are the “bricks” to construct this building. Determining the basic terms and definitions of shiology is equivalent to establishing standards for the “bricks”, which is essential for building a better edifice. Determining the basic terms of shiology is the premise of constructing shiology system, serving as the basis and guidance for the construction of shiology system. The 53 subject names of the basic system of shiology all use these basic terms. [9]

For a long time, we have lacked a concept that reflects “all activities related to shiance”, which is the reason why humans have not recognized this whole. The establishment of the concept of “shiance” provides thinking tools for us to understand this whole. The harm caused by the long-term absence of the concept of “shiance” is evident. For example, human civilization has 7000-year history, and industrial civilization has 300-year history, why do one-tenth of people in the world still not have enough to eat? Why is one-third of food still wasted? Why do nearly 2/10 people suffer from chronic diseases that cannot be controlled because of overeating? Why do social conflicts caused by uneven possession of food resources persist? Why are 13 of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to shiance issues? The complexity and stubbornness of these issues all point to a theoretical blind spot: they are an interconnected, interactive and mutually restrictive whole, [10] which have not been recognized.

From the perspective of China, “greater grain view” is “grain concept” and “greater food view” is “shiance concept”. The key to understanding the “greater food view” lies in the character “greater”, and the establishment of “greater food view” is to view “food production” and “earter health” as a whole. The first is to meet the increasing “three-eating” needs of people, namely “eating enough, eating well, eating healthily"; The second is to solve the social governance issues, including securing enough food, eating healthily and maintaining long-term sustainability and stability; The third is the innovative practice of “three integrations”, namely the integration of food production and food utilization, the integration of “issues relating to agriculture; rural areas and farmers” with “eating enough, eating well, eating healthily” issues, and the integration of systematic governance of shiance issues and sustainable development. In the field of discipline system, the social problems brought about by the dispersion and separation of eater and food related disciplines have increasingly attracted attention from the theoretical community.

The sore point of Chinese people’s life today is no longer the issue of “eating enough”, but the issue of “eating well”, which has also become a challenge for government management. The frequently used concept of “grain” is the core content of food and the basic guarantee for survival, but it do not represent the entire meaning of “food”, which can only meet the needs of “eating enough” rather than “eating well” or “eating healthily”. Replacing the whole with the part leads to incomplete cognition. For example, “grain security” is not as comprehensive as “food security”and “nutrition health” is not as holistic as “eatance health”. The narrow translation of “Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)” and “World Food Programme (WFP)” should be corrected promptly.

Establishing the concept of “eater” and emphasizing that humans are the center of shiance are conducive to fostering a “people-oriented” perspective, and it also facilitates a holistic understanding of shiance. The wholeness of shiance can be better interpreted from the perspective of integration of eaters, food and shiance order. Shiology centers on “eaters” and aims to extend the health and lifespan of humans, rather than centering on “food” and simply focusing on the quantity of production. This is the fundamental difference between shiology and traditional knowledge system.

The concept of cognizing the objective world is a process of increasing and accumulating. From nonexistence to pass into existence, from less to more, the constant increasing of concepts reflects the breadth and depth of human cognition. The basic term of shiology discussed in this paper include 34 shiance categories, 31 food categories, 7 eater categories and 16 eating categories, a total of 88 terms, of which 86 are new terms. The establishment of these new terms is a complement and improvement to human cognition of shiance.

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